The Galileo is a collaboration board between Intel and Arduino; running Linux, an Arduino pin layout, and industry standard connections.
The Arduino Yún (which means "cloud" in Chinese), is the first in a new family of WiFi boards combining Arduino and Linux.
The BeagleBone Black is a Linux / Android / Arduino hybrid, sporting a 1GHz ARM processor, 512MB RAM and 92 connection pins.
The UDOO is a new prototyping board that combines the power of the Arduino, with a quad cored ARM processor, running Linux or Android.